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Recall & Communication Training

A dog who comes back every single time.

12 audio lessons that rebuild recall from scratch — using reward science, not fear. Even around squirrels.

Reward-based recall, backed by research

$47 $120

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✓ Positive reinforcement only✓ Force-free · No shock collars✓ 47+ peer-reviewed studies✓ AVSAB-aligned methods

Your dog blew past you at the park and sprinted toward a busy road. Your heart stopped. You screamed their name. They kept running. Maybe you caught them. Maybe a stranger helped. Either way, you stood there shaking, thinking: why does my dog ignore me when it matters most? Here's the honest answer: because you never gave them a reason not to. Not because you're a bad owner. Because nobody told you that recall isn't a name — it's a trained behavior. And training a behavior requires a consistent, well-structured reinforcement history. If "come" has ever meant leash clipped on, fun ending, bath time, nail trim — your dog has learned that your recall cue is a warning, not a reward. The good news: the association can be rebuilt. From the ground up. On a foundation that holds under distraction, distance, and chaos. That's what Speak Dog teaches.

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Watch: a dog who comes back every time

Recall isn't a word. It's a trained behavior with a reinforcement history — and yours may be broken.

"He completely ignores me." "I've tried everything." "He's perfect in the kitchen and deaf the second we hit the park." Nearly every owner who says those things believes the same quiet thing underneath: maybe my dog is just stubborn. He isn't. Stubbornness is a story we tell when we can't see the real mechanism. Here's the real mechanism.

Every time your dog ignored "come," something happened. They chose the squirrel, the other dog, the smell in the bushes. And they got it. The recall cue got weaker. The competing reward stayed strong.

Do that enough times and your dog isn't ignoring you — they've been trained, by consistent experience, that the word means nothing urgent.

That's not stubbornness. That's learning. Dogs do what works. If coming back worked better than not coming back, they'd come back. Right now, for most dogs in high-distraction settings, it doesn't.

The Bombproof Recall System fixes this in a specific order.

First, you un-poison the cue. The old word is retired. A new one gets built from scratch with a clean slate — charged with the best rewards your dog knows, in the easiest possible setting, with zero chance of failure. Fukuzawa & Hayashi (2013) showed that food reward produces the fastest, most reliable learning — which is why the new cue gets paired with the highest-value treats your dog has ever tasted. The new cue becomes the best word in your dog's vocabulary.

Then you ladder distractions. You don't go from living room to dog park. You build a progression: driveway, sidewalk, quiet park, busy trail, dog park. At each step, the dog succeeds. The reinforcement history gets thicker. The cue gets stronger.

Then you build the emergency recall — a separate, bombproof cue reserved only for life-or-death moments, practiced rarely enough that it retains maximum value, trained with maximum reward. Lesson 7 is the one owners tell us later saved their dog's life.

The science behind this is not complicated. Ziv (2017) documented that aversive training increases anxiety and avoidance — both of which destroy recall reliability. Vieira de Castro et al. (2020) showed that aversive training produces dogs with higher stress behavior. China et al. (2020) found reward-based training was at least as effective as electronic-collar training, with significantly fewer signs of stress.

Shock collar recall works through avoidance. The dog comes back to avoid pain. But avoidance motivation is fragile — it erodes under competing fear, confusion, or high enough distraction. Reward-based recall is approach motivation. The dog comes back because it genuinely predicts something better than what they're doing. Lazarowski et al. (2025) confirmed the effectiveness of marker training for building reliable behavior even in demanding detection-dog contexts, where the stakes are as high as they get.

Approach motivation is more reliable. It doesn't fade under pressure. It gets stronger with each successful rep.

Zero

When researchers ran a randomized controlled trial comparing electronic-collar recall against reward-based recall, the shock collar produced zero advantage in reliability — while raising the dogs' stress signals. The "shortcut" doesn't even buy you a better recall. It just buys you a more anxious dog.

— Cooper, Cracknell, Hardiman, Wright & Mills (2014), PLOS ONE 9(9), e102722; China, Mills & Cooper (2020)
A dog running back to its owner at full speed
This is what a charged-up cue looks like: a dog who turns on a dime and runs toward you — because you're the best thing on offer.

What you'll be able to do by the end

By the time you finish the lessons, the lead-off moment stops being a gamble:

What a broken recall actually costs you

You already know the feeling. The lead comes off and your stomach tightens. You spend the whole walk reading the middle distance for the thing that's going to set them off — the jogger, the rabbit, the off-leash dog cresting the hill. You call once, hopefully. You call again, sharper. By the third call you're using the voice, the one that says to every other person in the park this dog does not listen to me.

So the lead stays on. The long line stays clipped. The fenced field you drive to twice a week becomes the only place your dog ever really runs. Their world shrinks to the length of a rope — and a dog who never gets to move freely carries a load of unspent energy into every other behavior you're trying to fix.

And underneath the inconvenience sits the real fear: the one bolt toward a road, a livestock field, or a dog that doesn't want company. A reliable recall isn't a party trick. On the wrong day it's the only thing standing between your dog and the worst phone call of your life.

Why the shortcut fails exactly when you need it most

This is the moment a lot of owners get talked into a shock collar. The pitch is seductive: press the button, the dog comes back, problem solved. In the back garden, it often looks like it works.

Then the real test arrives — a genuine high-value distraction, a deer breaking cover — and the collar fails the way avoidance learning always fails under pressure. The dog is caught between two things to escape: the trigger out there, and the thing on their neck. China, Mills & Cooper (2020) ran exactly this comparison and found e-collar recall offered no advantage over reward-based recall, while producing more stress signals. You don't get a more reliable dog. You get a more anxious one with the same hole in their recall.

The Bombproof Recall System builds the opposite kind of motivation. Your dog doesn't come back to escape something bad — they come back because the word has been charged, rep after rep, to predict the best thing in their world. That's approach motivation, and it's the only kind that holds when a deer breaks cover.

"I really have tried everything, though."

You've tried everything you were handed — and most of it was a louder voice, a sterner tone, or a gadget. What almost nobody hands the average owner is the actual sequence: un-poison the cue, rebuild it clean, ladder the distractions in order, and protect a separate emergency word. The research backs the direction plainly — across 364 dogs, reward-based training was associated with better obedience and fewer problem behaviours than punishment (Hiby et al., 2004). Rooney & Cowan (2011) found reward-trained dogs learned new tasks faster and interacted with their owners more. Todd (2018) documented that the biggest barrier to humane methods isn't effectiveness — it's misinformation and the marketing of aversive tools. If "everything" never included building the cue in the right order with the right reinforcement, you haven't tried the thing that works yet. You've tried the thing that doesn't, repeatedly.

The offer, plain

You get all 12 audio lessons and the companion workbook — the complete Bombproof Recall System, in the exact order it needs to be built — for a one-time $47, against a regular price of $120. Instant access, yours for life, backed by our 30-day money-back guarantee (full terms).

A reliable recall isn't a party trick. On the wrong day it's the only thing between your dog and a road. Forty-seven dollars is a small price for the word that brings them back.

Build the recall your dog actually has — and the one they're capable of. 30-day money-back guarantee — see terms.

Reward-based training in action
Every lesson is built on reward-based methods — the same peer-reviewed science cited throughout this page.

What owners say

Real before & after — from Pup Class owners

Before

Max came back maybe 60% of the time in the backyard. Off-leash at the park? Zero chance. He'd just run.

After

The 3-D proofing method in lesson 6 was the breakthrough. We went from 'no recall' to reliable off-leash in a dog park within 6 weeks.

Caroline H., Austin TXDog: 18-month-old Golden Retriever
Before

Beagles and scent — you know how it goes. Once his nose hit a trail he was gone. We couldn't let him off-leash anywhere.

After

The emergency recall protocol is now the first thing I teach to every new dog owner I meet. Game-changing. He still gets distracted but he COMES BACK.

David K., Edinburgh UKDog: 3-year-old Beagle

Results vary. Every dog and situation is different.

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Instant access · Reward-based recall, backed by research

Peer-reviewed evidence

Why reward-based recall outlasts e-collar recall every time

Research cited from:PLOS ONEFrontiers in Veterinary ScienceJournal of Veterinary BehaviorApplied Animal Behaviour ScienceScientific ReportsAnimal WelfareJournal of Applied Animal Welfare SciencePhysiology & BehaviorVeterinary RecordJournal of Experimental PsychologyAnimals

Reward-based training was at least as effective as remote electronic-collar training — the classic 'recall' tool — and produced significantly fewer stress signals. You do not need a shock collar to build a reliable recall.

— China, L., Mills, D.S., & Cooper, J.J. (2020). Efficacy of dog training with and without remote electronic collars vs. a focus on positive reinforcement. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 508.

Dogs trained with negative reinforcement showed more stress-related behaviours and gazed at their owners less often — and a dog that won't look at you certainly won't turn on a dime to come back to you.

— Deldalle, S., & Gaunet, F. (2014). Effects of 2 training methods on stress-related behaviors of the dog (Canis familiaris) and on the dog–owner relationship. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 9(2), 58–65.

Dogs trained with aversive methods show significantly higher stress behaviours and a more pessimistic emotional state than dogs trained with reward-based methods.

— Vieira de Castro, A.C., et al. (2020). Does training method matter? Evidence for the negative impact of aversive-based methods on companion dog welfare. PLOS ONE, 15(12), e0225023.

Training that relied on punishment was associated with a higher incidence of problem behaviours, including fear and avoidance — the exact responses that poison a recall cue.

— Blackwell, E.J., Twells, C., Seawright, A., & Casey, R.A. (2008). The relationship between training methods and the occurrence of behavior problems, as reported by owners, in a population of domestic dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 3(5), 207–217.

Aversive training is associated with increased anxiety, aggression, and avoidance behaviour — all of which destroy recall reliability.

— Ziv, G. (2017). The effects of using aversive training methods in dogs — A review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 19, 50–60.

In a controlled trial of 63 dogs referred specifically for recall problems, the e-collar group was no more successful at coming back than the reward-trained group — but showed clear signs of stress. The 'recall collar' simply does not buy you a better recall.

— Cooper, J.J., Cracknell, N., Hardiman, J., Wright, H., & Mills, D. (2014). The welfare consequences and efficacy of training pet dogs with remote electronic training collars in comparison to reward based training. PLOS ONE, 9(9), e102722.

When researchers visited 53 dogs in their own homes, the dogs whose owners relied on rewards learned a brand-new task faster and interacted with their owners more; heavier use of punishment tracked with poorer learning. A dog that learns faster and watches you more is a dog that recalls.

— Rooney, N.J., & Cowan, S. (2011). Training methods and owner–dog interactions: links with dog behaviour and learning ability. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 132(3–4), 169–177.

Across 364 dogs, owners who trained more tasks with rewards rated their dogs as more obedient — the correlation simply wasn't there for punishment. Reliable obedience, including recall, is built with reinforcement.

— Hiby, E.F., Rooney, N.J., & Bradshaw, J.W.S. (2004). Dog training methods: their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare. Animal Welfare, 13, 63–69.

When researchers compared food reward, petting, and verbal praise as reinforcers for learning a new task, food-rewarded dogs learned fastest and most reliably — the recall cue is only as strong as the reward that charges it.

— Fukuzawa, M., & Hayashi, N. (2013). Comparison of 3 different reinforcements of learning in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 8(4), 221-224.

A survey of dog-training professionals found that the biggest barriers to adopting humane methods aren't effectiveness — it's misinformation, tradition, and the marketing of aversive tools. The science is settled; the message just hasn't reached most owners.

— Todd, Z. (2018). Barriers to the adoption of humane dog training methods. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 25, 28-34.

In a controlled trial, reward-only trained dogs learned a new behavior just as effectively as dogs trained with a mix of reward and aversive methods — but showed fewer stress signals. Adding punishment to recall training buys you nothing except a more anxious dog.

— Vieira de Castro, A.C., et al. (2021). Improving dog training methods: Efficacy and efficiency of reward and mixed training methods. PLOS ONE, 16(2), e0247321.

The foundational research on learned helplessness showed that animals exposed to inescapable aversive stimuli stop trying to escape — even when escape becomes possible. A dog trained with repeated shock or harsh corrections doesn't learn obedience; it learns that nothing it does matters. That's the opposite of a reliable recall.

— Seligman, M.E.P., & Maier, S.F. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74(1), 1-9.

Owner characteristics — including inconsistency, anxiety, and use of punishment — were significantly associated with problem behaviors in dogs. The owner's behavior shapes the dog's behavior. If you want a dog that comes when called, you need to be someone the dog wants to return to.

— Jagoe, A., & Serpell, J.A. (1996). Owner characteristics and interactions and the prevalence of canine behaviour problems. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 47(1-2), 31-42.

A remote-controlled positive-reinforcement system was effective for modifying problem behaviors at the door — demonstrating that reward-based methods work even for high-arousal, real-world scenarios where timing is critical, exactly the conditions recall training faces.

— Yin, S., et al. (2008). Efficacy of a remote-controlled, positive-reinforcement, dog-training system for modifying problem behaviors exhibited when people arrive at the door. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 113(1-3), 123-138.

Two approaches. One clear winner.

Punishment-based methodsReward-based (Pup Class method)
E-collar / shock recallDog comes back to avoid pain, not because recall predicts reward. Under high distraction, the dog's fear of the stimulus competes with the pain signal — and often loses. Also increases anxiety and aggression (Ziv 2017).
Repeating the cue louderEach ignored repetition teaches the dog that the word is optional. 'Come come come COME' becomes background noise. The cue is poisoned further with every failed rep.
Reward-based recall rebuilding (this program)Un-poisons the cue. Builds a new association where your dog's name predicts the best thing in their world. Proofed systematically against real-world distractions at a pace the dog can succeed at.

What's inside

12 lessons — from why it happens to what you do next

12 audio lessons · about 9 minutes each. Download and listen on any device, at your pace.

Why Recall Fails: The Poisoned Cue and Competing ReinforcementYour dog isn't being stubborn — they've been trained that the squirrel pays better than you do. The learning science behind every blown recall, in plain English.
Choosing and Charging a Brand-New Recall CueRetire the poisoned word and build a clean one from scratch. Why a fresh cue with zero failure history beats trying to fix the old one.
Building Reinforcement Value the Environment Can't BeatWhat your dog actually values — and how to out-pay a squirrel. Rank your rewards so coming back is always the better deal.
The Long-Line Foundation: Safe Reps Before Off-LeashHow to practice real recall without gambling on your dog's safety. The 20–30 ft long line that lets you win every rep while the new cue gets strong.
Recall Games: Making Coming Back the Best Part of the WalkTurn recall into the highlight of the outing instead of the end of the fun. Games that thicken the reinforcement history without it feeling like drilling.
Proofing Against Distraction: The Three D's LadderDistance, duration, distraction — added one at a time so your dog keeps succeeding. The step-by-step ladder from your driveway to the dog park.
The Emergency Recall: One Word, Never PoisonedA separate, bombproof cue reserved only for life-or-death moments — practiced rarely, paid enormously, so it never erodes when you need it most.
Whistle Recall: A Cue That Carries Across Any DistanceWhy a whistle outperforms your voice in wind, distance, and consistency — and how to condition it so your dog turns on a dime at a single blast.
When Your Teenage Dog Forgets EverythingThe adolescent recall regression is predictable, temporary, and fixable. What's happening in your dog's brain between 6 and 18 months — and the exact adjustments that hold the behaviour together.
The Indoor Foundation: Building Recall Before Adding the WorldZero-distraction reps in the house are where every bombproof recall starts. The foundation game that makes your new cue feel like a jackpot — before you ever step outside.
Relapse-Proofing and Maintenance RepsHold the gains through bad days, missed sessions, and the inevitable backslide. The low-effort maintenance that keeps recall reliable for life.
Your 30-Day Bombproof Recall RoadmapThe exact day-by-day plan. Where to train, what to bring, what counts as a win — no guesswork, just the progression that builds reliability.

Why it works

Built different from everything else you've tried

🔔

Un-poison your recall cue — start fresh with a new word and a clean slate

🎯

Build a reinforcement history so strong the cue becomes irresistible

📈

Distraction-laddering: proof recall from your living room to the dog park step by step

🏃

Emergency recall: a separate, bombproof cue for life-or-death situations

📓

Distraction-laddering progress workbook to track each training session

🍗

Reward-value ranking cheat sheet: know which reward to use at which distraction level

Is this program right for you?

This is for you if…

  • Your dog ignores their name or recall cue in any situation with real distraction
  • Your dog has bolted toward traffic, other dogs, or people and didn't come back when called
  • You've been repeating 'come' uselessly and know the cue is poisoned
  • You want off-leash reliability — at the park, on trails, in your neighborhood
  • You want a method that builds a real relationship instead of compliance through fear

This is NOT for you if…

  • You want a magic word that works with zero training history — reliable recall requires real repetitions in real environments
  • Your dog's bolting is driven by severe anxiety or predatory drift that requires in-person assessment first
  • You're not willing to temporarily restrict off-leash access while you rebuild the behavior

What you're getting

Everything included in Speak Dog

Total honest value: $168  →  today $47 (72% off)

Still on the fence? Watch this.

Video testimonial▶

Hear from a Pup Class family

30-day money-back guarantee

30-day money-back guarantee. If you've accessed less than 25% of the content, we'll refund you in full. If you've gone further and the methods genuinely didn't work, complete our short refund questionnaire with evidence of having applied the protocols, and we'll refund you in full. Full terms in our Terms of Service.

Full guarantee details →

Typical outcomes

What owners experience with this method

Individual results vary. Every dog and situation is different. These outcomes reflect the science-backed methods in the program — not a guarantee of specific results.

Questions, answered straight

My dog knows 'come' — they just don't do it outside. Is this program still relevant?

This is exactly the dog this program was built for. Knowing the word inside is not the same as having a trained recall behavior. The distraction-laddering system in lessons 5 and 6 is specifically designed to close that gap — taking a behavior that works in easy settings and proofing it against real-world temptation.

Do I need to use a long line?

For the outdoor proofing stages, yes — a 20- to 30-foot long line is the honest way to practice recall without gambling on your dog's safety. Lesson 4 covers exactly when you're ready to drop it. Most programs skip this; we don't.

What rewards actually work for high-distraction recall?

Varies by dog. The reward-value ranking cheat sheet (included) walks you through how to identify your dog's true motivational hierarchy — what they'll work for when a squirrel is in play. For most dogs, this is real meat, not kibble. Lesson 2 covers the science of why reward value matters more than most owners realize.

My dog's cue is poisoned from years of ignored reps. Can it be fixed?

Not fixed — replaced. The correct move is to retire the old cue entirely and build a new one from scratch with a clean reinforcement history. Lesson 2 covers this exact process, including which new cue words tend to work well and why.

What format are the lessons?

Audio lessons averaging 9 minutes each. Designed to listen to on a walk or commute. The workbook and cheat sheet are downloadable PDFs referenced throughout the lessons.

Is there a money-back guarantee?

Yes — 30 days. If you've accessed less than 25% of the content, full refund with no further questions. If you've gone further and the methods didn't work, complete our short refund questionnaire with evidence of effort and we'll refund you. Full guarantee details.

How long does it take to build reliable recall?

Foundation recall (reliable in low-distraction settings) typically takes 2 to 3 weeks with daily sessions. Reliable recall in high-distraction environments takes 6 to 10 weeks of systematic proofing. The roadmap in lesson 12 lays out the full progression honestly.

Can I use this alongside other training programs?

Yes. Recall is a standalone behavior. The principles in this program are fully compatible with reactivity work, loose-leash training, and general obedience. The distraction-laddering framework also applies directly to other behaviors you're proofing.

Keep learning — free

Free guides on recall

More owner stories

The change you can make happen

Before

She'd come when she felt like it. When the neighbour's cat was around, forget it. Recall was optional for her.

After

Building the foundation in lesson 2 before adding distraction was the part I'd always skipped with other methods. Doing it in order actually works.

Sarah L., Bend ORDog: 2-year-old mixed breed rescue
Before

She'd bolt the second she saw a squirrel. One time she ran into traffic. I was terrified to let her off-leash ever again.

After

The emergency recall is now the one thing I trust completely. She turns on a dime. My husband didn't believe it until he saw it at the park.

Amy T., Vancouver BCDog: 14-month-old Australian Shepherd

Results vary. Every dog and situation is different.

Video testimonial▶

Another recall success story

Full scientific bibliography (47 peer-reviewed studies)

Every claim in this program traces back to published, peer-reviewed research. Here is the complete bibliography powering Pup Class programs — 47 studies from 11+ Q1 journals.

  1. Vieira de Castro, A.C., Fuchs, D., Morello, G.M., Pastur, S., de Sousa, L., & Olsson, I.A.S. (2020). Does training method matter? Evidence for the negative impact of aversive-based methods on companion dog welfare. PLOS ONE, 15(12), e0225023.
  2. Vieira de Castro, A.C., Barrett, J., de Sousa, L., & Olsson, I.A.S. (2021). Improving dog training methods: Efficacy and efficiency of reward and mixed training methods. PLOS ONE, 16(2), e0247321.
  3. China, L., Mills, D.S., & Cooper, J.J. (2020). Efficacy of Dog Training With and Without Remote Electronic Collars vs. a Focus on Positive Reinforcing Methods. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 508.
  4. Ziv, G. (2017). The effects of using aversive training methods in dogs — A review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 19, 50-60.
  5. Guilherme Fernandes, J., Olsson, I.A.S., & Vieira de Castro, A.C. (2017). Do aversive-based training methods actually compromise dog welfare?: A literature review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 196, 1-12.
  6. Casey, R.A., Naj-Oleari, M., Campbell, S., Mayfield, M., & Sherwin, A. (2021). Dogs are more pessimistic if their owners use two or more aversive training methods. Scientific Reports, 11, 19023.
  7. Herron, M.E., Shofer, F.S., & Reisner, I.R. (2009). Survey of the use and outcome of confrontational and non-confrontational training methods in client-owned dogs showing undesired behaviors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 117(1-2), 47-54.
  8. Blackwell, E.J., Twells, C., Seawright, A., & Casey, R.A. (2008). The relationship between training methods and the occurrence of behavior problems, as reported by owners, in a population of domestic dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 3(5), 207-217.
  9. Deldalle, S., & Gaunet, F. (2014). Effects of 2 training methods on stress-related behaviors of the dog (Canis familiaris) and on the dog-owner relationship. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 9(2), 58-65.
  10. Cooper, J.J., Cracknell, N., Hardiman, J., Wright, H., & Mills, D. (2014). The welfare consequences and efficacy of training pet dogs with remote electronic training collars in comparison to reward based training. PLOS ONE, 9(9), e102722.
  11. Hiby, E.F., Rooney, N.J., & Bradshaw, J.W.S. (2004). Dog training methods: their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare. Animal Welfare, 13, 63-69.
  12. Schilder, M.B.H., & van der Borg, J.A.M. (2004). Training dogs with help of the shock collar: short and long term behavioural effects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 85, 319-334.
  13. Casey, R.A., Loftus, B., Bolster, C., Richards, G.J., & Blackwell, E.J. (2014). Human directed aggression in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris): Occurrence in different contexts and risk factors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 152, 52-63.
  14. Rooney, N.J., & Cowan, S. (2011). Training methods and owner-dog interactions: Links with dog behaviour and learning ability. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 132(3-4), 169-177.
  15. Butler, R., Sargisson, R.J., & Elliffe, D. (2011). The efficacy of systematic desensitization for treating the separation-related problem behaviour of domestic dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 129(2-4), 136-145.
  16. Howell, T.J., King, T., & Bennett, P.C. (2015). Puppy parties and beyond: the role of early age socialization practices on adult dog behavior. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 6, 143-153.
  17. Todd, Z. (2018). Barriers to the adoption of humane dog training methods. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 25, 28-34.
  18. Arhant, C., Bubna-Littitz, H., Bartels, A., Futschik, A., & Troxler, J. (2010). Behaviour of smaller and larger dogs: Effects of training methods, inconsistency of owner behaviour and level of engagement in activities with the dog. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 123(3-4), 131-142.
  19. Bradshaw, J.W.S., Blackwell, E.J., & Casey, R.A. (2009). Dominance in domestic dogs — useful construct or bad habit? Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 4(3), 135-144.
  20. Ogata, N. (2016). Separation anxiety in dogs: What progress has been made in our understanding of the most common behavioral problems in dogs? Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 16, 28-35.
  21. Schalke, E., Stichnoth, J., Ott, S., & Jones-Baade, R. (2007). Clinical signs caused by the use of electric training collars on dogs in everyday life situations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 105(4), 369-380.
  22. Masson, S., et al. (2018). Electronic training devices: Discussion on the pros and cons of their use in dogs as a basis for the position statement of the European Society of Veterinary Clinical Ethology. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 25, 71-75.
  23. Salman, M.D., et al. (2000). Behavioral reasons for relinquishment of dogs and cats to 12 shelters. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 3(2), 93-106.
  24. Kwan, J.Y., & Bain, M.J. (2013). Owner attachment and problem behaviors related to relinquishment and training techniques of dogs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 16(2), 168-183.
  25. Fukuzawa, M., & Hayashi, N. (2013). Comparison of 3 different reinforcements of learning in dogs (Canis familiaris). Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 8(4), 221-224.
  26. Flannigan, G., & Dodman, N.H. (2001). Risk factors and behaviors associated with separation anxiety in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 219(4), 460-466.
  27. Amat, M., Camps, T., Le Brech, S., & Manteca, X. (2014). Separation anxiety in dogs: The implications of predictability and contextual fear for behavioural treatment. Animal Welfare, 23(3), 263-266.
  28. Scott, J.P., & Fuller, J.L. (1965). Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog. University of Chicago Press.
  29. Rescorla, R.A. (1988). Pavlovian conditioning: It's not what you think it is. American Psychologist, 43(3), 151-160.
  30. Seligman, M.E.P., & Maier, S.F. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74(1), 1-9.
  31. Polsky, R.H. (2000). Can aggression in dogs be elicited through the use of electronic pet containment systems? Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 3(4), 345-357.
  32. Haverbeke, A., Laporte, B., Depiereux, E., Giffroy, J.-M., & Diederich, C. (2008). Training methods of military dog handlers and their effects on the team's performances. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 113(1-3), 110-122.
  33. Beerda, B., Schilder, M.B.H., van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M., de Vries, H.W., & Mol, J.A. (1998). Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 58(3-4), 365-381.
  34. Beerda, B., Schilder, M.B.H., van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M., de Vries, H.W., & Mol, J.A. (1999). Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. I. Behavioral responses. Physiology & Behavior, 66(2), 233-242.
  35. Appleby, D.L., Bradshaw, J.W.S., & Casey, R.A. (2002). Relationship between aggressive and avoidance behaviour by dogs and their experience in the first six months of life. Veterinary Record, 150(14), 434-438.
  36. de Assis, L.S., Matos, R., Pike, T.W., Burman, O.H.P., & Mills, D.S. (2020). Developing diagnostic frameworks in veterinary behavioral medicine: Disambiguating separation related problems in dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6, 499.
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